Difference Between CML and SML Essay Example for Free

Difference Between CML and SML Essay CML stands for Capital Market Line, and SML stands for Security Market Line. The CML is a line that is used to show the rates of return, which depends on risk-free rates of return and levels of risk for a specific portfolio. SML, which is also called a Characteristic Line, is a graphical representation of the market’s risk and return at a given time. One of the differences between CML and SML, is how the risk factors are measured. While standard deviation is the measure of risk for CML, Beta coefficient determines the risk factors of the SML. The CML measures the risk through standard deviation, or through a total risk factor. On the other hand, the SML measures the risk through beta, which helps to find the security’s risk contribution for the portfolio. While the Capital Market Line graphs define efficient portfolios, the Security Market Line graphs define both efficient and non-efficient portfolios. While calculating the returns, the expected return of the portfolio for CML is shown along the Y- axis. On the contrary, for SML, the return of the securities is shown along the Y-axis. The standard deviation of the portfolio is shown along the X-axis for CML, whereas, the Beta of security is shown along the X-axis for SML. Where the market portfolio and risk free assets are determined by the CML, all security factors are determined by the SML. Unlike the Capital Market Line, the Security Market Line shows the expected returns of individual assets. The CML determines the risk or return for efficient portfolios, and the SML demonstrates the risk or return for individual stocks. Well, the Capital Market Line is considered to be superior when measuring the risk factors. Summary: 1. The CML is a line that is used to show the rates of return, which depends on risk-free rates of return and levels of risk for a specific portfolio. SML, which is also called a Characteristic Line, is a graphical representation of the market’s risk and return at a given time. 2. While standard deviation is the measure of risk in CML, Beta coefficient determines the risk factors of the SML. 3. While the Capital Market Line graphs define efficient portfolios, the Security Market Line graphs define both efficient and non-efficient portfolios. 4. The Capital Market Line is considered to be superior when measuring the risk factors. 5. Where the  market portfolio and risk free assets are determined by the CML, all security factors are determined by the SML.

Personal Ethics in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Personal Ethics in Nursing Essay Ethics is the discipline that waits in the wings as a health-restoring resource when moral guidelines fail to do the job alone. Ethics provides a language, along with methods, and tools for evaluating the components of personal, societal, and group morality to create a better path for yourself and others. Some of its most important uses are to clarify, organize, and critique morality to highlight what does and does not fit in a particular situation (Purtilo, 2011). A nurse cultivates personal ethics through personal, cultural, and spiritual values which becomes a moral compass for their professional ethics. Personal ethics in combination with the code of ethics often assist the nurses in personal and social decision making during ethical dilemma. This ability prompts them to better respond to needs of the suffering patient and their own well-being. Nursing ethics shares many principles with medical ethics such as beneficence, non-maleficience, and respect for autonomy. Nursing ethics however, can be distinguished by its emphasis on relationships, collaborative care and human dignity, because the health care climate is regularly changing, as is our society, it is crucial that nurses have a grounded understanding of ethics (Ward, 2012). Born in a middle-class Christian family from South India, the strict traditional values helped to embed the concept of service through family and friends who taught me trust, respect, integrity, and responsibility for my education and beliefs. One of my major spiritual values that kindled the concept of service within me is â€Å"do unto others as you would have them do unto you† which is found in the Bible. At an early age I started to practice this concept by not only self-respect for myself but mainly treating others with respect. Individuals may build their moral values from listening to their parents, grandparents, religious beliefs, friends, books, their local societal values and even watching television. Moral values and enthusiasm help an individual to understand one’s accountability to their profession to deliver harmless, a compassionate work atmosphere. This empowers nurses to raise their self-confidence in their profession. Maintaining the existing responsibilities in the nursing field is vibrant to assist patients, families, and the general public. Our ethnic standards play a big role in nursing life. Nurses however should not be judgmental of patient’s beliefs and force their own beliefs in patient care. Hospitals under Joint Commission are responsible for addressing and maintaining patient’s privileges. These privileges include the accommodation; divine, mystical, particular Cultural values and follows while providing care to patients from diverse faiths. Nurses must have reverence and not put down the patient’s faith and values, and provide care consistently. Being acquainted with a variety of different cultures, languages, and religions influence worldly views and nursing decisions in providing culturally sensitive care. The traditional spiritual and cultural morals along with diverse worldviews became the directorial moral compass to take the right decision on behalf of the patients and personal life and empowered to improve the confidence and capability as a nurse. Values, Morals, and Ethics are often thought of as interweaved and to have the same denotation when each of solely have a different meaning for themselves. Values are one’s fundamental beliefs developed from childhood through family and society. Morals are values that attribute to a system of beliefs. Values are the language that has evolved to identify intrinsic things a person, group, or society holds dear. Not all values are moral values either. For instance, some things are cherished for their beauty, novelty, or efficiency they bring to our lives (Purtilo, 2011). When values, morals, and ethics of nurse influence his or her professional conduct, it often tips to conflicting situation in one’s nursing practices. For example, the topic of abortion is frowned upon when looked at from a spiritual Christian standpoint. When a nurses’ spiritual doctrine is against abortion, it would be against their moral to assist in decision making to abort the baby even when the fetus is deformed, thus arising an ethical dilemma between personal values and coming to an ethical conclusion on aborting the baby. Hospital management may develop a strong Code of Ethics in order to help regulate and maintain a professional atmosphere for nurses so that their decision making will be easier when they incur ethical dilemmas. A Code of Ethics not only serves as a guideline for nurses but also sets a standard for them to abide by. Being in the nursing field my tasks vary from caring, communicating, teaching, bedside care, and even advocating therefore the likelihood of ethical dilemmas are inescapable. Thus far I haven’t been faced with any major ethical dilemmas that would violate my spiritual doctrines that I uphold. Most commonly the ethical dilemmas I’ve seen care providers face are usually due to religious and spiritual backgrounds of the patient. Some religions do not support induced death by humans and nurses may have trouble supporting the patient and family about cases like abortion. Although it is the individual’s right to make decisions about their bodies, the religious values do not allow one to be apart of the procedure. Therefore when I’ve been in minor ethical dilemmas while being a care provider I go by what is medically and ethically correct. Nurses are an important element of the health care field because their decisions along with commitment play an essential role for the welfare and safety of humanity. If their decision making is based on personal, cultural, and spiritual values then at times they may be faced with an ethical dilemma. In situations where they’re beliefs may be tested, nurses are expected to either follow the Code of Ethics set out by their management or they should be professional and do what is medically right in order to deliver quality care.

Defining And Understanding Common Sense Justice

Defining And Understanding Common Sense Justice The delivery of the black-letter law has not been satisfactory to both the society and the jurors. Jurors coming to the box may walk out dissatisfied with how the verdict is delivered and the verdict itself. Of interest in particular is how the law deals with death penalty and insanity cases. Commonsense justice is viewed as a possible alternative to resolving these cases, as it is considered to be rational and highly nuanced. This paper will focus on understanding the theory of commonsense justice, the view of jurors of commonsense justice versus the black-letter law, and comparing the outcomes of using these laws in resolving insanity and death penalty cases. Introduction Common sense justice is a reflection of what people think is just and fair. According to Finkel (1995), there are two types of law; the law of the books which refers to the constitutional law, the enactments by parliament, the law that evolves through common law cases and appeal decisions, taught in law school and applied in the courts and common sense justice (p.669). Different from the law of the books, common sense justice refers to the pre-existing beliefs about laws, the legal system and other issues that may be relevant to the trial process bringing with them to the jury box when judging both a defendant and the law. In essence, commonsense justice is concerned with peoples everyday concepts of fairness and justice. The jurors find it hard to apply black- letter laws since they are inconsistent with what they know as fairness and justice. The view that commonsense justice is that judges, being the conscience of society ought to use what society views as fair and just as opposed to the dictates of black-letter law which is not in tandem with the conscience of society. Theory of commonsense justice There was evidence in some cases jurors were not following the law. The jury is required to strictly follow the instructions given to the judge and reach a verdict based on evidence and the law. This is a consequence of their coming into knowledge that the black-letter law in some varying degrees is in disagreement with commonsense law. Therefore jurors tend to reject these rigid and objective rules and adopt subjective views. Though jurors are given instructions to make judgment using the objective criteria, they often resort to base the judgments on the subjective views of defendants and viewers. In addition, jurors base judgment on context and construing, by using hindsight to justify events and interpreting facts in order to identify what led to the cause as well as ascertain the intentions. Following this, critics have claimed that jurors do not comprehend the judges instructions while others assert that jurors deliberately disregard or nullify the judges instructions. . Centrally and critically, Finkel adds, the question that arises is whether we should follow the path laid by community sentiment, or should community follow the path the law has laid? (p.1). It is what ordinary people think the law ought to be. Hence, Finkel (2001) says that the courts have turned gradually to objective ways of considering community sentiment, in order to determine if the punishment for a crime disproportionate at least, according to the community (p.4). The quest for common sense justice is prompted by the observation that common sense justice and the black-letter law could be disparate in their view of human nature, culpability and punishment. The differences lie in the framing of the cases, how the delimiting of the factors of culpability is done and how the factors are weighed. Admittedly, Finkel (1995) says that common sense justice culpability analysis does not match that of black-letter law. CSJ harshest critics have described it as fusing, confounding and confusing, especially when a wrongful decision was made. On the other hand, critics of black-letter law insist that the approach used in the structures that provide justice in the society could themselves be the source of oppression, since the innocent party may be to a case falsely accused. In fact, Kumachiro (2004), gives commonsense even a wider perspective when he intimates that oppression sometimes manifests itself in ways that are easily recognized and condemned by mos t people (p.15). There is more to oppression than what we know: injustice based on the structure of everyday life, exemplified by the assumptions underlying major and minor institutions, rationales that support personal and collective choices. Kumachiro (2004) argues that those who benefit from the decisions made in courts and other structural institutions by accepting the dominant group common sense are actually abusing justice, while they remain oblivious of the more dangerous and pervasive type, which is structural oppression (p.102). Application of commonsense law to death penalty and insanity trials Common sense justice has been applied in cases involving insane defendants with a degree of success. According to Mitchell(1999), Common sense notions of justice stipulate that those who create the conditions for their own defense should be held more culpable, exemplified by those whose incapacity has been caused by automatism or self-induced intoxication (p.597). The law holds that insanity can only be used as a defense if at the time of committing the crime; the defendant had a mental condition that impaired his cognitive abilities to the extent that the defendant was unaware of the nature and the quality of the act, or the knowledge that the act was wrong. Mitchell (1999) argues that according to this law the defendants are treated as innocent actors under the influence of a condition over which they have no control (p.598). The results of a study done with 263 mock jurors without instructions, who were required to use their own best judgment to decide four insanity cases showed t hat jurors do make discriminations among cases in terms of constructs, which are relevant, complex and flexible (p.287). This realization opens the door for the use of commonsense justice. Possibilities of exclusion of fault upon the raising of the insanity defense were suspected. Mitchell (1999) interprets that; a defendants criminal responsibility may to a certain extent be under autonomous control (p.598). This is due to the fact that not all defendants with mental disorder lack autonomous component in their judgment. Meta-Responsibility (MR) is the term used to describe the notion that a defendants criminal responsibility could to some degree be attributable to autonomous control. In that connection, it . A Case of meta-responsibility arises from such issues as medication non-compliance, substance abuse, which results from not taking responsibility over ones situation. This is termed as consensual meta-responsibility. According to Mitchell, (1999), Purposive meta-responsibility arises from the antipsychiatric notion that the mental disorder represents strategic and willful behavior on the part of the patient in an attempt to influence his personal and social situation (p.598). The law that stipulates when insanity can amount to a defense was accepted only to the extent that the absence of mental control on the side of the defendant is not produced by his own default. Causal process is observed only in intoxication that has brought out the insanity in appellate cases, even when there is adequate legal machinery to consider absence of mental control inflicted on others. Involuntary intoxication is excused but in a case of voluntary intoxication, one is deemed to have created the conditions for his defense hence he will be criminally answerable to the injury he may do while in this condition; and will be found of recklessness. In reference to Mitchell (1999), the case R. v Caldwell (1981), ruled that self- induced intoxication is not a defense to any crime in which recklessness is enough to constitute the requisite mens rea (p.600). The law gives the jury sentencing discretion when it comes to capital offences. The eighth amendment states the circumstances under which a persons life may be terminated According Donohue (2006), data analysis on the deterrent effect of death penalty, the results were not significant. While the argument that death penalties is qualitatively reasonable, its quantitative significance may be minimal (p.3. Social science has shown that the act if killing is for others to learn, or deter others from killing, then, the mission of the death penalty is lost, since it does not produce the anticipated results. As far as death penalties are concerned, common sense justice theories of causation and culpability appear rational and highly nuanced. In reference to Finkel (1995), common sense justice is at once legal, moral and psychological (p.669). The verdict is that the jury should play a role in correcting the legal excesses of the legislature using commonsense justice since the latter is more deliberative and conscious, and quite sensitive to foundational issues of justice (p.5). In conclusion, Baldus assertive position that the death penalty experience for the last twenty years was a failure and that the system should be declared unconstitutional sounds convincing. This position was influenced by the cumulative evidence of arbitrariness, discrimination, and miscarriage of justice documented over the twenty years considered.

The China Syndrome :: essays research papers

The China Syndrome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The China Syndrome is about a nuclear power plant in Los Angeles, California. The Ventanna Nuclear Power Plant came close to the China Syndrome! A Channel 3 news reporter, Kimberly Wells, and her camera man, Richard Adams, captured an accident on film at the nuclear power plant that would have caused the China Syndrome. The China Syndrome could have killed off a place about the size of Pennsylvania. One of the head operators of the company, Jack Godell, talked to Kimberly Wells at a company gathering. Jack told Kimberly that there was just a turbine trip. Kimberly and her camera man went to Jack Godell's house and confronted him about the evidence. The camera man asked Jack to speak publicly about the accident. On the way to a Nuclear Power convention there was a car following Jack. Jack went to the Ventanna Nuclear Power Plant to hide from the people following him. After arriving, Jack went to the control room to find that the people running the plant were making a big mistake. He saw the people raising the power back up to 100%. He tried to explain that there could be another accident if they raised the power all the way because of a problem with the pumps. The people didn't believe Jack and were starting to raise the power up again. When Jack saw what they were doing he grabbed the security officer's gun and forced everyone out of the control room. After he locked the door he lowered the power down to 75% so the pumps wouldn't break.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack agreed to have a one on one interview with Kimberly so the public would be warned. While the camera crew was on their way to do the live interview so was the S.W.A.T. team to get Jack out of the room. Also the people running the plant and who didn't believe Jack were up to something too. The operators were rerunning the wires to make a false accident that would distract Jack. The distraction would make it easier for the S.W.A.T. team to get inside the control room. The camera crew arrived and Kimberly went into the room where Jack was to do the interview. As soon as the interview started the operators tripped the alarm. Jack started to panic. The S.W.A.T. team broke in and shot Jack because he had a gun in his hand. The China Syndrome :: essays research papers The China Syndrome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The China Syndrome is about a nuclear power plant in Los Angeles, California. The Ventanna Nuclear Power Plant came close to the China Syndrome! A Channel 3 news reporter, Kimberly Wells, and her camera man, Richard Adams, captured an accident on film at the nuclear power plant that would have caused the China Syndrome. The China Syndrome could have killed off a place about the size of Pennsylvania. One of the head operators of the company, Jack Godell, talked to Kimberly Wells at a company gathering. Jack told Kimberly that there was just a turbine trip. Kimberly and her camera man went to Jack Godell's house and confronted him about the evidence. The camera man asked Jack to speak publicly about the accident. On the way to a Nuclear Power convention there was a car following Jack. Jack went to the Ventanna Nuclear Power Plant to hide from the people following him. After arriving, Jack went to the control room to find that the people running the plant were making a big mistake. He saw the people raising the power back up to 100%. He tried to explain that there could be another accident if they raised the power all the way because of a problem with the pumps. The people didn't believe Jack and were starting to raise the power up again. When Jack saw what they were doing he grabbed the security officer's gun and forced everyone out of the control room. After he locked the door he lowered the power down to 75% so the pumps wouldn't break.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack agreed to have a one on one interview with Kimberly so the public would be warned. While the camera crew was on their way to do the live interview so was the S.W.A.T. team to get Jack out of the room. Also the people running the plant and who didn't believe Jack were up to something too. The operators were rerunning the wires to make a false accident that would distract Jack. The distraction would make it easier for the S.W.A.T. team to get inside the control room. The camera crew arrived and Kimberly went into the room where Jack was to do the interview. As soon as the interview started the operators tripped the alarm. Jack started to panic. The S.W.A.T. team broke in and shot Jack because he had a gun in his hand.

Staying Fit Without a Gym Membership :: essays research papers

Life has change in the way people get in good physical condition. In the past three decades, one of the many popular trends has been receiving gym memberships. People go out of their way to buy memberships to gyms which they hardly even attend. Three ways that young people can stay in fit physical shape without having to pay, drive and join a gym are running, using the school gym and substituting exercise in their daily routine. If one does not want to pay to get a membership to the gym but still want to stay in physical shape, they can always exercise by running. Running helps with anything you are having problems with. Running strengthens your leg muscles and many other muscles as well. By running, one will stay in great physical conditions. Having daily runs will improve all chances of staying in good physical conditions without having to pay to join a gym. Furthermore, using the school gym is a great substitute for someone who does not want to get a membership and join a gym. They have the same quality equipment and so there is no difference. Access to the local school gym will save you a lot of money throughout the years on membership alone and yet it is the same quality exercise as if one were to pay for it. Finally, by taking time out of their schedules to do daily routines will help one stay in fit physical shape without having to pay for it. At work, one can take a quick five minute break and do some standing exercises. Or while at school, one can take physical education and practice daily on staying fit. Anywhere, anytime, one can make a little time for exercise. Keeping this up daily will ensure good physical condition. Running, using the school gym and substituting exercise in a daily routine will help young people stay in fit physical shape without having to pay, drive or join a gym.

El Greco Essay example -- Essays Papers

El Greco The Agony In the Garden, a mannerist style of art by EL Greco, proclaims a sense of spiritual power of religious faith which accomplishes El Greco’s aim to move his audience. El Greco was born on the island of Crete and lived from 1541 to 1614. He represented the most characteristic figure of Spanish Mannerism. El Greco was influenced by and became acquainted with the art of Titian and Jacopo Bassano in Venice where he studied in 1566. In addition to visiting Italy, El Greco made his way to Rome, Parma and probably Florence. On his travels he became more familiar with the work of Parmigianino and the work of Correggio. In El Greco’s use of form can be seen Florentine Mannerism. Venetian Mannerism can be seen in the peculiar brilliance of his coloring. The plans for the construction of the Escurial and the discussion of works of art being selected by Philip II, probably attracted El Greco to Spain. However, El Greco failed to satisfy the Italianate tastes of the King. He lived virtually uninterruptedly in Toledo from 1575 on. In Toledo he formed friendships with men of advanced beliefs and humanist interests. The monastic, from which his prime commitment came, were glad to decorate their churches and cloisters with his elevated visionary paintings. El Greco paintings bordered on a supernatural world of creative fantasy. Most of his paintings survive in a number of copies painted in his own hand. El Greco’s studio which employed a large number of assistants also produced many contrasts of his works. People were very curious about his paintings with their unusual setting and flickering impressiveness. In The Agony In The Garden there are two planes displayed in the art work that are disconnected by a few bare branches that contain fugitive leaves. The upper plane consists of the vision of Christ set against a large rock with a few trees. Christ is kneelingin a reddish-purple robe, with hands stretched out toward the ground. He turns toward the floating angel who is painted in pearly greys. Behind the angel, on the left are spinning clouds. Preceding from an outline of an imaginary town, on the right, are soldiers carrying flags. The inconceivable impression of the picture is due to the contrast of not only passionate and cerebral but in terms of colour- between the two planes and their figural content as w... ...were able to combine themselves in the melting pot of the European public and benefited most form the prudent principles of their times. A Baroque painter even conserved his national characteristics. Baroque made use of characteristics of the Mannerist style by engaging and future maturing them. There was more unity in Mannerist style’s outweighing ideas and more variance in its forms of presentation. Classicism, however, was piercingly against everything mutual to Mannerism and the Baroque. It condemned Mannerism in some unstable terms, with all its integrity and corruption’s. The Masters, such as El Greco were forgotten, but that taste in art could not be hidden forever. Mannerist art came back to life after it had been dead for a few centuries. It fist came back to life with the discovery of El Greco and others. Bibliography: Bousquet, J. (1964). La Peinture manieriste. Neuchatel Haraszti-Takacs, Marianne. (1968). The Masters of Mannerism. Corvina Press. Hauser, A. (1964). Der Manierismus. Munich. Sherarman, J. (1967). Mannerism. London. Wolf, R. and Millen, R. (1968). Renaissance and Mannerist Art. Harry N Abrams, Inc.

Attributes of Allah

Allah is the proper name of God, however, we know Him generally through His attributes. These attributes describe how Allah manifests Himself to us. God's attributes are innumerable since human intellect cannot possibly comprehend every aspect of the Supreme Being. A Hadith of the Holy Prophet (peace be on him) makes mention of Ninety Nine names of Allah commonly known as al- Asmaul Husna, the Most Names. In the Holy Quran we read: â€Å"And to Allah alone belong all perfect attributes. So call Him by these. And leave alone those who deviate from the right way with respect to His Attributes. † (7:181). â€Å"Allah – there is no God but He, the Living, the Self-Subsisting and All-Sustaining. Slumber seizes Him not, nor sleep. To Him belongs whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is in the earth. Who is he that will intercede with Him except by His permission? He knows what is before them and what is behind them; and they encompass nothing of His knowledge except what He pleases. His knowledge extends over the heavens and the earth; and the care of them burdens Him not;and He is the High, the Great. † (2:256) Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The similitude of His light is a lustrous niche, wherein is a lamp. The lamp is in a glass. The glass is as it were a glittering star. It is lit from blessed tree – an olive – neither of the east nor of the west, whose oil would well-nigh glow forth even though fire touched it not. Light upon light! Allah guides to His light whomsoever He will. And Allah sets forth parables to men, and Allah know all things full well. This light is now lit in houses with regard to which Allah has ordained that they be exalted and that His name be remembered in them, Therein is He glorified in the mornings and the evenings (24:36-37) â€Å"He is Allah, and there is no God beside Him, the Knower of the unseen and the seen. He is Gracious, the Merciful. He is Allah, and there is no God beside Him, the Sovereign, the Holy One, the Source of Peace, the Bestower of Security, the Protector, the Mighty, the Subduer, the Exalted. Holy is Allah far above that which they associate with Him. He is Allah, the Creator, the Maker, the Fashioner. His are the most Beautiful Names. All that is in the heavens and the earth glorifies Him, and He is the Mighty the Wise. (59: 23-25) Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Holy Prophet (Peace and Blessings of Allah be upon him) said, â€Å"Allah has ninety nine Names, one hundred less one; and who memorized them all by heart will enter Paradise. † (Bukhari, The Book of Tauhid.