Taking a Look at Anorexia Nervosa - 1613 Words

From both discussing and researching this problem I feel that I have learnt a lot about eating disorders and anorexia nervosa in particular. I researched the DSM V diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa. The criteria that must be met include an intense fear of gaining weight (even if the patient is severely underweight), restriction of calorie intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low weight and an altered perception of one’s own body weight/shape. Sufferers of anorexia nervosa can be subdivided into two types: restricting (who cut down massively on food intake to lose weight) and binge-purge type (who eat then do large amounts of exercise or induce vomiting, diarrhoea, etc. to compensate). I learned that anorexia nervosa has major physiological effects on the body and has the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders (about 10% according to Medscape.com). Long-term health problems associated with anorexia nervosa include hypotension, osteopeni a, decreased thyroid function, delayed puberty, amenorrhea and many other problems affecting the entire body including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal and neuroendocrine systems. Complications of the cardiovascular system are the most common cause of death. (Medscape.com) People who suffer from anorexia often have perfectionist and controlling personality traits, as seems to be the case with Sinà ©ad in this scenario. I learned that treatment for anorexia nervosa, as with many otherShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Anorexia Nervosa1158 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia Sickness can quickly become a disease. An eating disorder called anorexia nervosa begins as a type of diet but turns into a disease that can severely affect many aspects of your life. This occurs when people reach the point of starvation because they are overly conscious of their weight, even though they may be dangerously underweight. When someone becomes obsessed with their self-image, action must be taken to provide the best treatment for them. Anorexia can become a serious problem thatRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, And Binge Eating1694 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities, eating disorders are becoming more and more common. There are three main types: anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. Binge eating is when you consume large amounts of food at one time, following the intake with no attempt to prevent weight gain. Bulimia is when you consume large amounts of food at one time, followed by an attempt to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting. Anorexia Nerv osa is when you limit your food intake to little-to-none with the outcome of weight thatRead MoreThe Dangerous Effects of Eating Disorders1100 Words   |  5 Pagesthat you eat and how much you weigh, you often focus on little else (http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eating-disorders/basics/definition/con-20033575 ). There are three main types of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is the fear of gaining weight. If you have bulimia nervosa, you eat large amounts very quickly, and then you purge. Lastly, binge eating is where you feel out of control and you eat, and eat, and eat, and you cannot stop. Eating disorders can cause serious physical problemsRead MoreAnorexia Nervos Eating Disorders Association1013 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects about 0.5 to 1 percent of women in the United States today. (Anorexia Nervosa | National Eating Disorders Association) While, that may not seem like a lot of people are suffering from Anorexia nervosa it has received a significant amount of attention due to the consequences of developing this disorder. For example, it is reported that five to twenty percent of people who have Anorexia Nervosa will eventually succumb to theirRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pages as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. While most people who have eating disorders tend to be women from white middle-class upper-class families, eating disorders span social class, ge nder, race, and ethnic backgrounds (Floyd, Mimms, YeldingRead MoreEating Disorders Among Young Adults1015 Words   |  5 Pagessociety seeing famous people look like that it makes people take drastic measures to become skinny like them. Some people just don’t eat, others eat too much and then they make themselves throw up, and others don’t eat and then go exercise too much. Also we live in a society that is surrounded by food. In the United States there is a fast food restaurant on almost every corner and yet there is still an issue with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating. When itRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa998 Words   |  4 Pageseven social factors. Their main concern tends to focus on the amount of weight but yet gorge on varieties of unhealthy high calorie products (silverthorne1). In consequence females start to have Anorexia Nervosa or even Bulimia Nervosa. Even though both disorders are dangerous similarity Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia have common symptoms on an individual’s health and can even lead to termination of their life. Initially both disorders can be caused by becoming obsessed with unhealthy foods such asRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1443 Words   |  6 Pageseating disorders can be characterized in three ways which include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa can be further broken down into two types which are anorexia nervosa restricting type, and anorexia nervosa binge/purge type. Eating disorders if approached early enough can be reversed with no damage or very minimal damage to the person. One characteristic of an eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. This characteristic as described by Hoeksema (2014) is seenRead MoreThe Risks And The Management Of Adolescents With Eating Disorders1218 Words   |  5 Pageswas supplied by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry. The ultimate goal of this research was to educate dental professionals on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and how to identify the predisposing factors. To begin, Hicks and Roberts start off by start off by telling us that statistically speaking anorexia and bulimia are serious medical conditions that most commonly effect adolescents and young adults. In 2014, 70 million people worldwide showed clinical signsRead MoreEating Disorders and the Media941 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, â€Å"the body type portrayed in advertising as the ideals is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females.† (â€Å"ANAD†) Body image has been a controversial theme because of the influence of the media. It is a widely known fact that eating disorder cases are on the rise. The concept of body image is a subjective matter. The common phrase, â€Å"Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder,† holds true meaning in this sense. One’s

Female Criminality And The Criminal System - 1368 Words

Throughout criminology studies, female criminality has been back staged by male criminality. This was due to a generalised view that crime was run by males, as females were presumed disinclined to commit crimes (Bronfman, 2007). With large amounts of documentations on male criminality and delinquency covering many aspects of criminality, information on women and crime have been lacking (Gibson, 1982). Most research and documentation on female criminality was linked to prostitution evading many other aspects of women criminality such as hysterics, infanticide and shoplifters, which were generally the stars of the tabloid press but not of criminological studies (Bronfman, 2007; Rodrà ­guez, 2006). Throughout this essay I will present various facets of female criminality and delinquency, including prostitution, and the many issues faced by women in the criminal system, as well as the forensic techniques that were developed to identify these female criminals such as fingerprinting and photography. In the early 20th century, numerous prostitutions related scandals linked to corruption, blackmailing, bribery, wrongful arrest and perjury plagued the forces due to the lack of fingerprinting and photography to prove the identity of the female criminals. Women could be arrested for street prostitution in London under two key charges, â€Å"the 1824 Vagrancy Act and the 1839 Metropolitan Police Act† (Laite, 2008). These were referred to as the ‘solicitation laws’ and also included the TownsShow MoreRelatedSociological Explanations For Gender Differences936 Words   |  4 Pageshighlight an under representation of female criminality, and there are many sociological arguments to suggest that female criminals are treated more leniently. On the other hand, some sociologists believe women are treated more harshly when they commit certain types of crime. This essay aims to assess the reasons for gender differences in reported crime rates. Official crime rates are measured by crimes reported and recorded by the police and criminal justice system, and are collected by the Home OfficeRead MoreGender and Crime Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagessocial characteristics and usages associated with one sex or the other. Since such roles and customs can vary and be modified it follows that masculine and feminine the terms applied to the respective genders are much more flexible than female and male. In order to cover the subject of gender and crime it is important to explain its prehistory and standing as well as addressing the extensive material which appeared in the modern period of high fertility. Of courseRead MoreApplying Theories of Female Criminality861 Words   |  3 PagesApplying Theories of Female Criminality? Applying Theories of Female Criminality The paper will reference the Seabrook Dissertation Chapter 2 An Exploration of the Violent Victim Experiences of Female Offenders to address the following hypothetical situation: devise a program or a plan for a womens shelter to eradicate, if possible, some of the early contributions of abuse to womens crime. My first considerations would be for the women whom the shelter would service and for the city andRead MoreSocial Reaction Theory And Feminist Theory Of Crimes1476 Words   |  6 Pagesreactions to the lack of reasonable theorizing about why females commit crime and why the tend to be treated far more contradictorily by the criminal justice system. Here, I will explain these various theories with more attention on how they thoroughly transformed the way that the crime and law were viewed. Both theories had become popular in the 1960’s and the 1970’s due to the society looking for theories that fixed the blame for criminal offending on government authorities. These theories alsoRead MorePrison State Of Kentucky And Juvenile Offenders920 Words   |  4 Pagescenters because of habitual truancy and disregard for parental authority. This film went on to discuss ways to reduce incarceration cost and address the reason why the youth from Beecher Terrace seemed destined to go prison. Three correlates of criminality in the film were: poverty, mental health status, and family circumstances. The neighborhood, Beecher Terrace was the low-income area where most of the prisoners and juveniles delinquents came from. Neighborhoods like the one in film are the stereotypicalRead MoreThe And Tenets Of Life Course Criminology1587 Words   |  7 Pagesyouth may commit crime, but if an adolescent is progressing on a path of what Gottfredson and Hirschi (1986) refer to as the â€Å"career criminal†. In this vein, the concepts of adolescent-limited and life-course persistent emerged from the field of psychology to describe those youth who appear to offend only during their pubescence years, to those who persisted in criminality throughout their entire lives (Moffitt, 1993). However, to fully appreciate life-course criminology, the roots of the life-courseRead MoreThe Perspective : Crime And Science Meet1395 Words   |  6 Pagessimple terms, this means that while crimin ality can be linked to genetics it does not guarantee that someone will become a criminal. But to fully understand modern biosocial perspective it’s important to know and understand how it differs from early biological perspectives. The early biological perspective found its footing through theories by Cesare Lombroso, Charles Goring, and E.A Hooton who believed that those who were labeled as criminals were born criminals, also referred to as determinism. ForRead MoreFemale Crime Rate And Demographics Of Female Offenders2122 Words   |  9 Pagesfemales maintained police records and were hard drug users compared to female offender who were reported in two or less of the sources. This study shows that the female criminality can be assumed early on in life based on actions and positive or negative interests Almost ten years after the preceding works in 1999, Lawrence Greenfield and Tracy Snell published the report Women Offenders, which examined the growing crime rate and demographics of female offenders. Using a government survey from theRead MoreCrime And Social Control Theory Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagestheory (Hagan, 2016). Reckless theorized â€Å"that individuals have various social controls (containments) that assist them in resisting pressures that draw them toward criminality† (Hagan, 2016, p. 170). This theory holds that social factors and external or internal pressures influence individuals to either abide by the law or produce criminality (Hagan, 2016). A second theory is Hirschi’s social bond theory that states â€Å"delinquency takes place when a person’s bonds to society are weakened or broken, thusRead MoreCriminology : A Social And Political Movement3263 Words   |  14 PagesCriminology focused on male crime causing female crime to be predo minantly ignored within the history of criminology. There are many types of theories of male crime such as, Marxism, functionalism, labelling theory and sub cultural theories. During the 19th Century feminism was introduced with multiple feminist perspectives such as, traditional feminism, radical feminism, Marxist feminism and black feminism. Each theory involves different approaches to female criminality, gender inequalities and women’s oppression

Nature vs Nurture Essay - 570 Words

Nature vs Nurture The issues pitting nature against nurture are exceptionally significant for the gamut of discoveries that attribute an increasing proportion of traits and behaviours to ones genetic makeup. The resulting variety of physical shortcomings and limitations in each person has, for centuries, been countered by endeavours to improve or interfere where necessary, and every individual is consequently the product of a delicate middle path of balance between the two. The importance of nurturing is nearly boundless, and there is no better evidence than the oft-cited case of identical twins who, despite identical nuclear genomes and mitochondrial DNA, will duly differ in physique and behaviour if raised (i.e., nurtured) in†¦show more content†¦It follows that the quality - or lack thereof - of a persons genetic makeup may impose physical barriers and limitations on the upward mobility implicit in the concept of nurturing. Persons disadvantaged by the misfortune of hereditary conditions such as thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and phenylketonuria are testimonies to the importance of the genome, and it is for want of a certain quality of life, that intervention is necessary. Furthermore, as Theodore Friedmann writes in Gene Therapy, the fundamental cause of many diseases has been traced to genetic defects responsible for setting up a condition of increased susceptibility to either infectious or damaging agents in the environment (70). The gen etic component in a broad range of afflictions, including cancer, indeed cannot be over-emphasised. Hence the urgency to remedy the very root of the condition, bordering on an attempt to nurture even nature itself. MIT scientist David Baltimore is quoted elsewhere in the same volume as commenting that while the pharmacological treatment of diseases has ameliorated conditions and... dealt with symptoms... it has very rarely solved the underlying problems and very rarely provided... a normal life for the individuals who are afflicted (57). Much headway has since been made in areas such as recombinant DNA gene transfer and in gene fixing -Show MoreRelatedNature Vs Nurture : Is The Nature Or Nurture?1300 Words   |  6 PagesAoS 3: Student Directed Research Investigation Unit 1 Psychology - Megan Rodrigues RESEARCH QUESTION How is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refersRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Or Nurture874 Words   |  4 Pages Nature or Nurture. Nature may be all of the genes and hereditary factors with which influence them to become who they are such as physical appearances and personality characteristics. Nurturing impacts people’s lives as well as how they are raised and all the environmental factors. In combination, these qualities can be the true identity of oneself. Many people may argue that nurture appears to a play huge factor in the two, but others may think otherwise. Not having both as a characteristic canRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 PagesNature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature And Nurture : Nature Vs. Nurture1780 Words   |  8 PagesAs Nature Made Him: Nature vs. Nurture Human behavior is determined by both biological and environmental factors. Psychologists are interested in learning which of these factors is a greater influence on human behavior and identity. Although psychologists today generally agree that both nature and nurture play a role in conditioning behavior, there is still disagreement about the part that each of the factors have in determining behavior. The nature versus nurture debate focuses around the extentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 Pages Nature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influe nce. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nurture1405 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2015 Nature vs. Nurture Very few people know that the nature vs. nurture debate actually began early on with famous Greek philosophers such as Plato and Descartes. These two theorized that certain things were inborn and occurred naturally regardless of environmental factors (Cherry 1). Most people began to witness this debate in 1896 when the phrase â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture† was coined by English polymath, Francis Galton (â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture†Origins 1). At this point the nature vs. nurture debate grewRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nurture901 Words   |  4 Pagestime the proverbial nature vs. nurture question has sparked quite a debate. I hold the belief that nature vs. nurture is a zero-sum game. We essentially enter this existence, a lump of clay that needs molding in order to take form. So, I believe my creative abilities can be attributed to the sum of our genetic predisposition, the nurture of our mind, and the dynamic of both nature and nurture, with nurture being the predominant influencing factor. In psychology, nature refers to the inheritedRead MoreNature Vs Nurture And Nurture1777 Words   |  8 Pagesformed and cultivated through nature or nurture. This psychological anomaly is why I am writing this paper. Ever since I have enrolled in, and taken, a psychology class during my junior year, I have questioned whether every little emotion and action is because of nature or nurture. No topic is more widely explored and researched than morality. It cannot be scientifically or psychologically proven or tested, making any claim highly controversial. This idea, of nature vs nurture, that I had previously researchedRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture1463 Words   |  6 PagesT What can we define as Human Nature and Nurture? The Nature vs. Nurture has been a long never ending debate for some time now. Nature vs Nurture has been so profoundly debated, that now it’s unclear whether what makes us who we are and what we do, nature or nurture. For purposes of this essay Nature is going to be defined as characteristics we acquire through our genetic and biological factors, while that Nurture is going to be defined characteristics we acquire through our interactions and influencesRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture1337 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs. Nurture There are many different ways that behavior can be explained, especially on the terms of nature vs. nurture. Aggression is a behavior that has been extensively analyzed in a complex manner and the causes of it can be explained many different ways. Aggression can be defined as hostile or destructive behavior that can cause injury or destructive outlook especially when caused by frustration. Nature can be defined as aspects of behavior that have been inherited or are genetic, while

Racial Prejudice By Langston Hughes - 990 Words

In today’s society, people have many racial prejudices whether they are displayed to the public or not. Racial tensions were even more prevalent in the twentieth century. Langston Hughes was a poet who really tried to bring attention to the growing racial tensions until his death in the late 60s. Throughout his life, Hughes was influenced by the time he grew up in and by his own family; he wrote to free the black culture and literature from racial pride. Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri to Carrie and James Nathaniel Hughes. His father wanted to become a lawyer, but the Oklahoma bar examination committee turned him away; he moved to Mexico where he became extremely successful. On the other hand, his mother was constantly moving around, so Hughes grew up with his grandmother to have a more stable life (â€Å"Langston Hughes† Authors and Artists). His grandma helped him to â€Å"not hate all white people† at an early age. She enrolled him at an all white school when he was six years old. She also helped him figure out his family heritage while he was in high school where he discovered that he has white ancestry—his great-great-grandfather had a child with a slave (â€Å"Langston Hughes† Authors and Artists). After he graduated from high school, he strived to attend Columbia University, but he didn’t have the money by any means. He asked his father for the money; his father only agreed to attend if he majored in engineering. Hughes stayed at Columbia from 1921 till 1922Show MoreRelatedRacial Prejudice By Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou And Kathryn Stockett2958 Words   |  12 PagesThroughout the 20th Century racial divides in American society have always been apparent. Despite the abolition of slavery, black Americans have still been treated unethically. Writers such as Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou and Kathryn Stockett have used their writing to express the unfairness of racial inequality. Langston Hughes uses his poetry to express his personal struggle relating to racial prejudice which he encountered through his life particularly in the 1920’s when he was a student at ColumbiaRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1219 Words   |  5 PagesLangston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem renaissance is an artistic revolutionary period that took place between 1917 and 1937. This was after the First World War. Harlem was a district in New York. The Harlem renaissance impacted the social, cultural as well as artistic aspects of the black community. Many black people were encouraged to flee the southern sides where the caste system continued to oppress the black people. At this period, racial inequalities as well as other social injusticesRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem I, Too978 Words   |  4 Pages Langston Hughes America, the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every American. This is what everyone was told, what the Declaration of Independence states. But, Langston Hughes a black American poet in the Harlem Renaissance period saw the truth. Being an African American in the United States during the early 1900’s was difficult. Many lived a life full of hardships; segregation, prejudice and economic hardships, viewed as second-class citizensRead MoreLangston Hughes and the Civil Rights Movement.1725 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the early 1930s many black writers begin to produce works that helped to shape and define the Civil Rights movement. Among them was Langston Hughes whose poems and writing contributed directly to the rhetoric of the day and inspired many African-Americans, both in and out of the Civil Rights movement. Much of this grew out of what was called the Harlem Renaissance, which emerged during turbulent times for the world, the United States, and black Americans. World War I and the Bolshevik RevolutionRead MoreEssay on Langston Hughes a Harlem Renaissance Man1463 Words   |  6 Pagesartists such as Langston Hughes. James Mercer Langston Hughes was an African American poet, journalist, playwright, and novelist whose works were incredibly well known. It was during the peak of the Harlem Renaissance in which Langston Hughes produced poetry which was not just musically and artistically sound, but also captured the essence of the blues. Thus giving life to a new version of poetry that illustrated the African American struggle between society and oneself. Langston Hughes was one of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Langston Hughes 1451 Words   |  6 PagesAccelerated English 10 16 May 2017 Langston Hughes The â€Å"Poet Laureate of Harlem† as they called him was a very influential writer during the Harlem Renaissance (DISCovering Multicultural America, par. 2). He showed what life was like from his eyes and hoped that racial prejudice would stop once people understood what life was like for him. This is the story of Langston Hughes, who stood up for what he believed in and always fought for African American rights. Langston Hughes was an author during the HarlemRead MoreEssay Langston Hughes932 Words   |  4 Pages Langston Hughes Throughout many of Langston Hughes poetry, there seems to be a very strong theme of racism. Poems such as Ballad of the Landlord, I, Too, and Dinner Guest: Me are some good examples of that theme. The Ballad of the Landlord addresses the issue of prejudice in the sense of race as well as class. The lines My roof has sprung a leak. / Dont you member I told you about it/ Way last week? (Hughes 2/4) show the reader that the speaker, the tenant, is of a much lower classRead MoreRobert Hayden And I, Too, Sing America By Langston Hughes1706 Words   |  7 PagesIn the poems â€Å"Frederick Douglass† by Robert Hayden and â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† by Langston Hughes, both authors engage in the common themes of race, oppression, and freedom, but Hayden contextualizes the theme in a wider mindset instead of narrowing it down to just black oppression, while Langston contextualizes the theme with a direct approach to black oppression and freedom. Not only are the approaches to the topic different, but they also relate through the messages that they are conveying aboutRead MoreLangston Hughes : The American Dream And Southern Migration With The Reality Of Prejudice2931 Wor ds   |  12 Pages11/4/14 Langston Hughes Themes, Styles, and Techniques Langston Hughes has solidified his place as one of the greatest writers in American Literature to this day. This achievement is due to his thought provoking use of certain styles and techniques to portray his main themes and ideas. Many of Langston Hughes’ themes originated from his personal feelings and experiences. Hughes thus centers his themes around the ups and downs of African Americans living in America during his time. Langston HughesRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance And The Great Depression1711 Words   |  7 Pageswallowing in self pity they took advantage of the great majority of their race and decided to take a step out in entertainment (Us History). The Harlem Renaissance was a time of cutting down prejudice and showing the Whites that they have pride in their heritage. Major contributors of this time were Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, WEB DuBois, Neale Hurston, Louis Armstrong, and Billie Holiday; all of them ranging from writers and actors to musicians in Jazz and Blues. Self determination, group expression

Importance of Social Marketing History

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Social Marketing History. Answer: Introduction: Reading Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2012), media has been regarded as a means of mass communication that includes television, radio, newspaper and even internet. It is a channel through which any kind of news, information or even a promotional message can be disseminated among a large group of people is termed as a media. In recent scenario, with the advent of numerous social networking sites and various apps that are going viral, small and big scale companies are utilizing these platforms as a means of marketing their product and aiming to attract more consumers of their product. Overview of the article: Pokemon Go a great new marketing channel is the article selected for the analysis. The article has been published in the Sydney Morning Herald and it talks about the new marketing method that can gain momentum due to the increasing influence of the gaming app Pokemon Go. The article discusses about a restaurant owner, George Iskander and the marketing tactics used to attract customers. The owner claimed that there has been an increase in the number of customers in the restaurant because people get the opportunity of grabbing more Pokemons when they visit this particular restaurant. The owner come with marketing approach that to provide 10% discount to those who could show their Pokedex (Alexandra Cain, "Pokemon Go A Great New Marketing Channel", 2016). Key marketing issues: The marketing issue that that has arrived at this point is that the owner has focused greatly on the online gamers for their business. It has to be understood that the major players of the game are those belonging to the age group of 12 and 30 years. However, the customers of the restaurant are not limited to these groups of people. Thus, using Pokemon Go can one of the marketing tools but the owners should not limit their marketing to this. The marketing shall be done on a larger basis (Mr. Parthasarathi Senapati, 2014). This narrow approach of the restaurant targeting only the Pokemon Go users can be termed as one of the major marketing issues. Recommendations with justification: The marketing approach undertaken by the restaurant owner was mainly targeted to attract the local people. It has to be understood that there are people who do not play Pokemon Go and they shall find nothing lucrative to visit that restaurant. Local advertisement such as on place promotion by placing a hoarding narrating the best offers and quality food that the restaurant has to offer to their customers can be an effective tool for small businesses. Moreover, using social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter are always effective to attract large number of people especially for the local market. References: Alexandra Cain, "Pokemon Go A Great New Marketing Channel", The Sydney Morning Herald, last modified 2016, accessed September 4, 2016, https://www.smh.com.au/small-business/trends/the-big-idea/pokemon-go-a-great-new-marketing-channel-20160802-gqjaq6.html. French, "The Importance Of Social Marketing History", Social Marketing Quarterly 21, no. 4 (2015): 191-193. Mr. Parthasarathi Senapati, "Marketing Of Small Business, A Case Of Small Business In India", IOSR Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 5 (2014): 08-11. Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong, Principles Of Marketing (Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012).

Play in the Preschool Classroom free essay sample

The article I chose to read is called â€Å"Play in the Preschool Classroom: Its Socioemotional Significance and the Teacher’s Role in Play.† This article is about the emotional and social developmental value at play in the early childhood classroom. It also questions about the developmental benefits of play. The article also discusses the role teachers could play in making play a developmental and educational experience. There are many different ways that children’s play can be categorized. It can be creativity, adaptation, exploration, experimentation, learning, communication, socialization, acculturation, and mastery play. Play helps children build and extend their knowledge and skills, as they interact with their environment, others and on their own. When children engage in play, they choose how and what to play by using their imagination. They engage in pretense, and are not concerned with the outcomes as they are with how they are playing. Sociodramatic or pretend play makes-up about two-thirds of all pretend play in preschool. We will write a custom essay sample on Play in the Preschool Classroom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this type of play, children take on the roles played by others. Sociodramatic play themes fall into three categories. They are family, character, and functional. Sociodramatic play helps the development and promotion of children’s socioemotional skills. It requires the capacities for reflecting before acting, sensing the perspective of others, and emotional understanding and regulations. It also helps children understand other people’s emotions. There are two types of teacher involvement during play: outside the flow and inside the flow. When a teacher is outside the flow, their involvement is meant to prompt reflection, and may lead to the modification and extension of play. When a teacher is inside the flow of play, they take on a role of participant, and can communicate to extend play. The communication with the children is direct and unmediated. When the teacher is either on the inside or outside of the flow, they play several roles: an observer and recorder, stage manager and facilitator, mediator, or participant. I agree with Godwin’s perspective on the significance of play for early childhood learning, and the teacher’s roles. It is so important for children to learn to play at such an early age because it can help them learn how to deal with people, and emotions later on in life. I am a teacher in a preschool for three year olds. Whether play is used to promote learning and development, really does depend on the teacher’s beliefs, practices, and context. I have known preschool teachers, who very rarely let their children play throughout the day. I personally believe that children lose interest in a lesson if there is no play involved. I feel like the best way for teacher’s to get involved in children’s play is to be a mediator and a participant in play. I believe it is the best way to get on the students level, and teach them as well. For example, if I’m teaching a lesson on fish, during free play time, I will help the children set-up a pretend fishing trip. Some children can play the fisherman, and some can play the fish. Everyone will get a turn to play all the different roles. In the process, they are learning everything they can about fisherman and fish, and having fun. I feel like this article can be applied to me professionally because I am a teacher in an early childhood classroom. I read something’s in this article that I did not know about children, and the significance of play and learning. I will use this information while making my lesson plans and prompting pretend play.

Xero Company

Question: Discuss about the Business of Xero Company. Answer: Introduction The analysis of business success needs a huge amount of research upon the skills along with business evaluation. Therefore this report is focused on the case study of the company like Xero. For that reason, this report is prepared that will describe the innovative business venture and its establishment in Australia. In that case, the report involves the deep description of the business along with its growth in the Australian market. Background of Xero Xero is the company that makes the development of the cloud-based accounting software to carry out various processes in the small as well as the medium sized business organization. The company is basically New Zealand based but it has its parts in the UK, US, and Australia. It produces the software that maintains and records the accounting processes within the business organizations (Xero, 2017). In these accounting processes, the software handles all the functional modules during accounting transactions. Further, this functional module handles the general ledger, payroll, accounts payable, accounts receivable and the trial balance. In that case, the accounting software runs the somewhere that can be assessed anywhere and anytime being internet enabled. Figure 1: XERO Source: (xero, 2017) The company entered Australian market and runs very successfully in Australian Securities Exchange in November 2012. Thereafter it went public in other parts of the world and currently used in over 180 different countries. The companies avail its services by selling through subscription. The accounting software is very loved by all its users by including various inventory management as well as contact management features. Further, it supports various unlimited users which are closing its gaps from other software (Xero, 2017). In addition, the market size of Xero is basically designed for small businesses but it also provides numerous options for large sized businesses. In the initial condition, it was founded by Rod Drury in relation to his personal accountant to overcome the outdated process and create a modern process. Business description of Xero Xero is the company that provides the services in relation to the software that works for the purpose of accounting for various small as well as medium-sized businesses. In the year 2012, it has been established in Australia which further attracted 700,000 users over 180 countries. Therefore the basic primary accounting solution is carried out by Xero is mostly running over 16,000 accounting firms across the globe. It usually boasts remarkable inventory features with robust payroll capabilities that act as the time savers as well as the contact management (Wei, Samiee Lee, 2014). In addition, Xero supports unlimited users with its attractive features that close the gap in the race with other accounting software. But keeping aside all the flaws like limited invoice selections or lack of job costing features the accounting software produced by Xero is quite strong as well as incredible (Solomon, 2014). Moreover, Xero has maintained its pricing strategy manageable for every business types. In addition, it offers a trial period of 30 days for a demo. Further, it also provides a 25% of discount over the non-profit organizations and 15% off for multiple companies. However, as accounting software, Xero has sufficient compatibility with any type of device with an internet access. And most importantly it is designed by keeping in mind the condition of small and medium businesses but on the contrary, it has also unrivaled options for the large sized businesses as well (Verbeke, 2013). Evaluation of Factors affecting future prospects of Xero The evaluation of the future prospects of Xero is quite necessary for the growth of its business. The organization and its set up enabled it with much excellence to acquire numerous companies since the time of its launch. The acquisition allowed Xero to make the integration of payroll during the offering of Australian product within Australia. For that reason, it is necessary to measure the SWOT analysis of Xero as well as PEST analysis of Australia (Baker, 2014). Figure 2: XERO Acquisitions made in 2015 Source: (xero, 2017) SWOT Analysis This analysis will clearly figure out the strategic process that signifies the businesses as well as operations of Xero (Bharadwaj, et al., 2013). Therefore the calculation of the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities will help Xero in showing its competitive advantage in the Australian market. The SWOT analysis is carried out as per Appendix I. The strengths of Xero is in its high growth rate as well as in its experienced business units. Similarly, the weakness of Xero is in its small business units and its opportunities are in its global markets as well as new acquisitions done by Xero. The vital part is its threats that arise in its technological problems as well as the rising cost of raw materials. Another threat is in growing competition as well as lower profitability. Basing upon these analyses the future prospect of Xero can be analysed (Slack, 2015). PEST Analysis Like the SWOT analysis of Xero will show the way for its growth for its future prospects, the pest analysis will enhance this prospect by having the detailed analysis of the Australian market. The PEST analysis is done as per the Appendix II. Political Economical The Australian markets can be one of the efficient markets for the growth of many companies due to its stable political environment in whole Asia Pacific region. Not only had a stable political environment it also engrosses a well-developed ad educated business environment that brings innovation and sophistication within the business (Cavusgil, et al., 2014). This country involves a higher amount of growth rate due to a low amount of unemployment. Further due to less stable interest rates as well as rising exchange rates helps the Australian economy lowering down any type of risk in its economy. A low rate of inflation also accounts for the growth of GDP of the Australian market (Grant, 2016). Social Technological The changes in various social trends can have its effect on the effectiveness of the products in Australian markets. It will also affect the willingness of various classes of individuals to work as well as their availability (Gummesson, Kuusela Nrvnen, 2014). With the emergence of new technologies, there will be the creation of a new variety of products with new processes. Thereafter the growth of technological advancements will enable Xero in developing their software with improved quality and innovations. Moreover, it will be beneficial for the customers as well as their organizations (Helm Gritsch, 2014). Appropriate Business Model for Xero It is well known till now that Xero works for the production of the accounting software that basically makes the recording and processing of the accounting transactions of the companies. So basically this accounting information system is developed in-house or purchased from the third party or it can be a combo of third party and the local modifications. The success of the accounting software relies upon the service model that paves its way towards success. This model is the SaaS model. The specification of this model is it handles the cost of customer acquisition, lifetime value of customers and many more vital functions. It is a model used for software licensing as well its delivery which is mostly based on the subscription. Most importantly it manages the management software (Lusch Vargo, 2014). The inclusion of management information system software helps the organization to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the decision that will maximize the benefit of the organization as well as its business processes. The company will be able to analyze their strengths and weaknesses along with a clear picture of the company (Pelham, 2015). It also helps the organization in gaining their competitive advantage by being an efficient communications and planning tool. Moreover, it helps in taking any strategic decision upon any important topic within a quick time. Conclusion The important facts highlighted in this write-up provide the enough idea regarding the case study of the company Xero that has been established itself in the Australian market since five years. In addition, it has gained ample amount of customers in the Australian market. Therefore the analysis provided in the report will definitely provide the detailed idea of the case study of Xero. References Baker, M. J. (2014).Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., Venkatraman, N. V. (2013). Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Gummesson, E., Kuusela, H., Nrvnen, E. (2014). Reinventing marketing strategy by recasting supplier/customer roles.Journal of Service Management,25(2), 228-240. Helm, R., Gritsch, S. (2014). Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), 418-428. Lusch, R. F., Vargo, S. L. (2014).The service-dominant logic of marketing: Dialog, debate, and directions. Routledge. Online Accounting Software Free Trial, Free Support | Xero. (2017). Xero Accounting Software. Retrieved 25 March 2017, from https://www.xero.com/ Pelham, A. M. (2015). The Influence of Managerial Disagreement on Industry Characteristics and Strategy on Small Firm Performance. InProceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 310-310). Springer International Publishing. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Solomon, M. R. (2014).Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Verbeke, A. (2013).International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Wei, Y. S., Samiee, S., Lee, R. P. (2014). The influence of organic organizational cultures, market responsiveness, and product strategy on firm performance in an emerging market.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,42(1), 49-70.

Pollution In Europe Essays - Aquatic Ecology, Hydrology,

Pollution In Europe Water Pollution in Europe Table of Contents Pages 1 Introduction Pros/Cons 2 European/Citizens Europe's Proposal For Good waters by 2010 3. Europe's Surface Water Europe's Ground Water 4. The Water Frame Work Directive Penalties Waste Advice 5. Solutions to save Europe Waterways Conclusion 6. Bibliography Introduction Water pollution is a problem that effects all living things. Every living organism on earth requires water to survive. When the water is polluted, it not only effects the plants, insects, and animals, it harms people. Taking care of this planet's water is vital to the short term and long term survival of the living things that inhabit the earth. The oceans, lakes, and streams are constantly polluted by individuals and many industries. These waters must be cleaned up before the costs are way beyond money and the damage way beyond repair. Action to clean up the Earth's precious water supply is long over due. Governments, as well as the individual, in all countries must begin to take action. Plans must be made to rid the waters of pollution, and prevent any further destruction of the one and only source of water that Earth has. Governments need to develop policies and regulations to stop the passage of pollutants into the water. The individual must take their own action. Using products that do not cause harm to the ocean, disposing of harmful products, and pushing the government to take action against water pollution are not only the rights of the individual, but the obligations of the individual. The action taken now will not only make the planet safer and cleaner for the present, but for generations to come. Pros The pros to saving the ocean are far greater than any cons someone might come up with. One of the obvious pros is that cleaning up the ocean means a healthier planet. Contaminating the oceans also contaminates our food supply. Having healthier seafood makes for healthier people. Cleaning up and taking care of the oceans gives people a good place for recreation. The process of cleaning up and monitoring the oceans will provide many new job opportunities. Action to take clean the ocean may sound expensive, but it will be cheaper in the long run. If the world waits to long to take action, then the costs to clean up the ocean could be enormous. Letting the oceans reach dangerous levels of contamination will for sure cost even more money. Cons The biggest con in the struggle to save the ocean is cost. The cost to create action plans for saving the ocean will most definitely be high. Many people might feel that there are more important things to take care of right now. The oceans do not appear to be under immediate threat. The plan to clean up the oceans will also be an inconvenience to many. Industries will have to hire engineers to develop cleaner methods of use and disposal of harmful substances. Cleaner methods of disposal are usually more expensive. Many smaller companies may go out of business due to rising costs of production and disposal. Farmers will have to resort to other chemicals for pesticides and fertilizers that may not be as effective. The farmer may lose money in taking action to prevent runoff. The consumer will probably have to pay more for products that are environmentally sound. The government will have to hire people to enforce the new legislation. 1 European Citizens Europe's citizens are increasingly demanding cleaner water, cleaner water for drinking, cleaner water for bathing, cleaner water as part of their environment, and their local and regional heritage. The increasing demand by citizens and environmental organisations for cleaner rivers and lakes, groundwater and coastal beaches is evident. This demand by citizens is one of the main reasons why the Commission has made water protection one of the priorities of its work. A new European Water Policy will have to get polluted waters clean again, and ensure clean waters are kept clean. In achieving these objectives, the roles of citizens and citizens' groups will be crucial. This is why a new European Water Policy has to get citizens more involved. . Good Waters by 2010 There are a number of objectives in respect of which the quality of water is protected. The key ones at European level are general protection of

Proposed Study To Determine The Effects Of Heat On Immediate Recall Of

Proposed Study To Determine The Effects Of Heat On Immediate Recall Of Videotaped Lecture In College Students, Age 18 - 25 Proposed Study to Determine the Effects of Heat on Immediate Recall of Videotaped Lecture in College Students, Age 18 - 25 Dana Serrata The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College PSYC 3301.01 December 3, 1996 Dr. D. Freeberg Proposed Study to Determine the Effects of Heat on Immediate Recall of Videotaped Lecture in College Students, Age 18 - 25 Researchers have studied many aspects of temperature effects on human perception and cognition. Thermal stress, in the form of extreme heat, has been studied by examining the human response under this environmental condition (Hancock, 1986). In this way, researchers hope to gain a better understanding of how the human body and mind react to adverse environmental conditions and adapt to those circumstances or surroundings (Bell, 1981). Many studies of this type have focused on thermal stress and human performance in the work environment (Enander Bonnet, 1990; Meese, et al. 1984). Bonnet (1990) suggests that an elevated ambient temperature increases the stress of work. Researchers seem to agree that the core temperature of the body is closely tied to the perception of uncomfortable heat (or cold) (Bell, 1981; Bonnet, 1990; Enander Meese, et al. 1984; Hancock, 1986). Bell (1981) states that the core temperature of the body is 98.6? F, and that an elevation of this temperature above 11 3?F leads to death. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) endorses a range of temperatures that may be considered ambient and provide thermal comfort for most people. This ambient range is from 76?F to 80?F with an average relative humidity of 45% (Rohles, 1973). Some researchers have manipulated the ambient temperature to induce heat stress while testing subjects on cognitive and mental tasks. Pepler and Warner (1968) had undergraduate students study a self-teaching programmed text during exposure to six different temperature levels ranging from 16.7 to 33.3?C at 45% relative humidity. These students worked at a faster rate at high and low temperatures, with a higher rate of error. Wyon (1979), who has studied the effects of heat stress on mental performance in children, found that maximum performance on a word memory test was reached at 26?C. Bell and Greene (1982) have discussed three theoretical approaches which have been applied to interpret the effects of thermal stress on performance of which attention is one; along with body temperature and arousal. In their theory regarding attention, Bell and Greene state that information overload occurs when the demand for attention exceeds the limited information processing capacity available. This situation would be more likely to occur when an environmental stressor is present. Therefore, according to their theory, task performance changes under thermal stress and promotes adaptability in the cognitive strategies used to complete the task (Cohen, et al. 1986). Unfortunately, little research has been conducted on the effects of thermal stress on cognitive and mental tasks. Most research has focused on vigilance and manual tasks which reflects the practical purpose of these studies, which have been geared toward the military and certain types of work environments (Enander & Hygge, 1990). However, the research which has been conducted suggests an adverse effect on cognitive functions by thermal stress. This study proposes that the thermal heat stress encountered in a classroom will negatively effect the immediate recall ability of undergraduate college students. A post-test on content recall of a videotaped lecture will be given to two groups, the experimental group will be assigned to the hot room and encounter the thermal stress, while the control group will be in an ambient temperature classroom. Low scores on the post-test for the thermally stressed group will indicate a possible effect of heat on recall ability. Method Participants Participants will be 60 volunteers, 30 male and 30 female, undergraduate students from introductory psychology courses at The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College. Participants will range in age from 18 to 25 years old, must be fluent in the English language (written and spoken), must have normal or corrected eyesight and hearing, and no chronic physical problems. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the ambient temperature or hot temperature classroom, with

Answers to Autism essays

Answers to Autism essays Autism comes from the Greek word autos, meaning self, implying a narrowing of relationships to people and the outside world. This disorder occurs in one in every five hundred births and at a ratio of five boys to every girl (Quick Facts about Autism). Autism is the third most common developmental disability following mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Many individuals have herd of autism; however, very few know the specifics of this neurobiological disorder and how it not only affects the person who has the disorder, but also the people who surround them. Autism is a neurobiological disorder of devilment that causes discrepancies or differences in the way information is processed (Understanding the nature of autism). The process of obtaining information affects an individual with autisms ability to do many things. For example, someone with this particular disorder may have more trouble understanding and using language to interact and communicate with people. He or she may also experience difficulty understanding and relating to people, events, and objects in the environment. Autism also affects ones ability to respond to sensory stimuli. Like other developmental disabilities, autism effects can range in the differentiations of severity. A number of factors that make the central nervous system develop abnormally can result in this disorder. There are several events that may take place during fetal development, during birth, or after birth that may trigger some developmental differences. For example, viral infections such as encephalitis or congenital rubella and metabolic imbalances such as phenylketunuria can cause affects of autism (Understanding the Nature of Autism). Also exposure to alcohol and drugs such as in cocaine addicted babies and oxygen deprivation may also result in damage that triggers developmental differences. Even though the condition that results in autism occurs at birth, parents or individu...

Hamlet - Character Analysis and Relationships

Hamlet - Character Analysis and Relationships Hamlet is the melancholy Prince of Denmark and grieving son to the recently deceased King. Thanks to Shakespeare’s skillful and psychologically-astute characterization, Hamlet is now considered to be the greatest dramatic character ever created. Hamlets Grief From our very first encounter with Hamlet, he is consumed by grief and obsessed by death. Although he is dressed in black to signify his mourning, his emotions run deeper than his appearance or words can convey. In Act 1, Scene 2, he says to his mother: ‘Tis not alone my inky cloak, good-mother,Nor customary suits of solemn black ...Together with all forms, moods, shows of griefThat can denote me truly. These indeed ‘seem’,For they are actions that a man might play;But I have that within which passeth show –These but the trappings and the suits of woe. The depth of Hamlet’s emotional turmoil can be measured against the high spirits displayed by the rest of the court. Hamlet is pained to think that everyone has managed to forget his father so quickly – especially his mother, Gertrude. Within a month of her husband’s death, Gertrude has married her brother-in-law. Hamlet cannot comprehend his mother’s actions and considers them to be an act of treachery. Hamlet and Claudius Hamlet idealizes his father in death and describes him as â€Å"so excellent a king† in his â€Å"O that this too too solid flesh would melt† speech in Act 1, Scene 2. It is, therefore, impossible for the new king, Claudius, to live up to Hamlet’s expectations. In the same scene, he pleads with Hamlet to think upon him as a father – an idea that furthers Hamlet’s contempt: We pray you to throw to earthThis unprevailing woe, and think of usAs of a father When the ghost reveals that Claudius killed the king to take the throne, Hamlet vows to avenge his father’s murder. However, Hamlet is emotionally disorientated and finds it difficult to take action. He cannot balance his overwhelming hatred for Claudius, his all-encompassing grief and the evil required to carry out his revenge. Hamlet’s desperate philosophizing leads him into a moral paradox: that he must commit murder to avenge murder. Hamlet’s act of revenge is inevitably delayed amid his emotional turmoil. Hamlet After Exile We see a different Hamlet return from exile in Act 5: his emotional turmoil has been replaced by perspective, and his anxiety replaced by cool rationality. By the final scene, Hamlet has come to the realization that killing Claudius is his destiny: Theres a divinity that shapes our ends,Rough-hew them how we will. Perhaps Hamlet’s new-found confidence in fate is little more than a form of self-justification; a way to rationally and morally distance himself from the murder he is about to commit. It is the complexity of Hamlet’s characterization that has made him so enduring. Today, it is difficult to appreciate how revolutionary Shakespeare’s approach to Hamlet was because his contemporaries were still penning two-dimensional characters. Hamlet’s psychological subtlety emerged in a time before the concept of psychology had been invented – a truly remarkable feat.

How to Conjugate the Verb Stare in Italian

How to Conjugate the Verb 'Stare' in Italian â€Å"Stare† is used to talk about all things, from how you’re doing to where you’re at in Italy, so it’s best if you feel comfortable using this word in all its forms. What’s more, it’s an irregular verb, so it doesn’t follow the typical -are verb ending pattern. Below, you’ll find all of its conjugation tables as well as examples, so you can become more familiar with using stare. Definitions of Stare To beTo stayTo remainTo standTo be situatedTo liveTo be about to Stare in Italian It’s an intransitive verb, so it does not take a direct object.The infinito is â€Å"stare.†The participio passato is â€Å"stato.†The gerund form is â€Å"stando.†The past gerund form is â€Å"essendo stato.† Indicativo/Indicative​ Il presente io sto noi stiamo tu stai voi state lui, lei, Lei sta loro, Loro stanno Esempi: Sto bene, e tu? I’m good, and you? Maria sta buttando la pasta, ti fermi a pranzo con noi? Maria is about to cook pasta, are you going to have lunch with us? Il passato prossimo io sono stato/a noi siamo stati/e tu sei stato/a voi siete stati/e lui, lei, Lei à ¨ stato/a loro, Loro sono stati/e Esempi: Sono stata a Bologna ieri sera. I was in Bologna last night. Marco e Giulio sono stati davvero carini! Marco and Giulio were extremely nice! L’imperfetto io stavo noi stavamo tu stavi voi stavate lui, lei, Lei stava loro, Loro stavano Esempi: Che stavi facendo? What were you doing? Stavamo per partire quando ci ha chiamato Giulia. We were about to leave when Giulia called us. Il trapassato prossimo io ero stato/a noi eravamo stati/e tu eri stato/a voi eravate stati/e lui, lei, Lei era stato/a loro, Loro erano stati/e Esempi: Ho vissuto in Italia per 12 anni e non ero mai stato a Roma. I lived in Italy for 12 years and I had never been to Rome. Ero stato anche all’aeroporto, ma era gi partita. I also was at the airport, but she had already left. Il passato remoto io stetti noi stemmo tu stesti voi steste lui, lei, Lei stette loro, Loro stettero Esempi: Nel 1996, stetti a Londra per due settimane. In 1996, I stayed in London for two weeks. Stettrero ospiti a casa di Sandra durante il loro soggiorno a Milano. They stayed at Sandra’s during their stay in Milan. Il trapassato remoto io fui stato/a noi fummo stati/e tu fosti stato/a voi foste stati/e lui, lei, Lei fu stato/a loro, Loro furono stati/e This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it only in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io starà ² noi staremo tu starai voi starete lui, lei, Lei star loro, Loro staranno Esempi: Sà ¬, infatti, lui à ¨ malato, perà ² star bene fra un paio di giorni. Yes, in fact, he is sick, but he will be better in a couple of days. Starà ² pià ¹ attento, te lo prometto. I will pay more attention, I promise. Il futuro anteriore Io sarà ² stato/a noi saremo stati/e tu sarai stato/a voi sarete stati/e lui, lei, Lei sar stato/a loro, Loro saranno stati/e Esempi: Ho dimenticato di prenotare i biglietti? Sarà ² stato davvero stanco ieri sera. I forgot to book the tickets? I must have been really tired last night. Dov’era Giulia a sabato? Sar stata con suoi amici. Where was Giula on Saturday? She must have been with her friends. Congiuntivo/Subjunctive​ ï » ¿Il presente che io stia che noi stiamo che tu stia che voi stiate che lui, lei, Lei stia che loro, Loro stiano Esempi: Non so perchà © lui stia qua. I don’t know why he is here. Non penso che tu stia preparando abbastanza piatti. I don’t think you’re preparing enough dishes. Il passato io sia stato/a noi siamo stati/e tu sia stato/a voi siate stati/e lui, lei, Lei sia stato/a loro, Loro siano stati/e Esempi: Penso sia stato meglio cosà ¬. I think it was for the best. Credo proprio che siano stati accompagnati in taxi all’aereoporto. I really think they had been taken by taxi to the airport. L’imperfetto io stessi noi stessimo tu stessi voi steste lui, lei, Lei stesse loro, Loro stessero Esempi: Non pensavo che lui stesse alla festa. I didn’t know that he was at the party. Pensavo che stesse a dormire a casa tua. Sarei stato molto pià ¹ tranquillo! I thought she was sleeping at your place. I would have been a lot more relaxed! Il trapassato prossimo Io fossi stato/a noi fossimo stati/e tu fossi stato/a voi foste stati/e lui, lei, Lei fosse stato/a loro, Loro fossero stati/e Esempi: Se quel giorno fossi stato con lui, non sarebbe stato cosà ¬ triste. If I had been with him that day, he wouldn’t have been so sad. Se fossimo stati amici in quel periodo, ci saremmo divertiti un sacco! If we had been friends during that time, we would have had so much fun! Condizionale/Conditional​​ Il presente io starei noi staremmo tu staresti voi stareste lui, lei, Lei starebbe loro, Loro starebbero Esempi: Se io abitassi in Italia, starei meglio. If I were to live in Italy, I would be better. Se aveste finito i vostri compiti a quest’ora stareste al mare! If you had finished your homework, by this time you would be at the seaside! Il passato io sarei stato/a noi saremmo stati/e tu saresti stato/a voi sareste stati/e lui, lei, Lei sarebbe stato/a loro, Loro sarebbero stati/e Esempi: Sarei stata contenta se lui mi avesse regalato dei fiori. I would have been happy if he had given me some flowers. Non sarebbe stato possibile senza l’aiuto di Giulia. It wouldn’t have been possible without Giulia’s help. Imperativo/Imperative​​ Presente stiamo sta/stai/sa’ state stia stiano Stai zitto! Be quiet (informal)! Stia attenta! Pay attention (formal)!

Credible Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Credible Ethics - Essay Example That is, being not irascible. In this case, it is a deficiency. It would, as well, be a vice if one get too angry and, therefore, irascible. In this case, it is in excess. What would be a virtue would entail being mild. That is, not being deficient of anger or having excess anger, but the mean. Aristotle is correct to state that virtue is a transition between two extremes, deficiency and excess. This is because moral virtues differ from intellectual virtues. Taking moral virtues from this perspective puts emphasis on the notion of the soul. The view brings the soul close to the body and refutes the ground that the soul is independent of the body. It emphasizes on the three components of the soul (passions, faculties and characters). In Aristotle’s view, the ability to control desires constitutes (moral) virtue (Fieser 36). For, instance, Aristotle does not praise or direct blames to people for experiencing anger as an emotion. He rather tends to praise the notion that characters only experience anger only when it is necessary, probably by situations that prevail. It, therefore, provides that virtue do not link with the capabilities of the

Active Volcanoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Active Volcanoes - Essay Example Mount Merapi literally means â€Å"Fire Mountain† in Indonesia and is an active stratovolcano located on the border between central Java and Yogjakarta. On the other hand, Laki is a legendary Icelandic volcano, which has lain dormant since its huge eruption in 1783. Satellite technology now makes it possible to monitor volcanic activity in even the most isolated corners of the globe and to routinely observe changes in the Earth’s surface that may signal an impending eruption. This help identifies those volcanoes presenting the greatest danger. The MODIS Thermal Alert System, also known as MODVOLC, now enables scientists to detect volcanic activity anywhere in the world within hours of its occurrence. Using MODVOLC, volcanologists have seen many active volcanoes that previously went undetected. Aside from serious disasters posed to humans and property, active volcanoes also produce serious environmental effects. The commonly-known threat a volcano can present is the flow of super-heated rock known as lava. This lava causes fires and will destroy everything in its path. In addition, a tsunami can develop and damage shorelines. Furthermore, active volcanoes have an intense impact on the stratosphere, the second layer of the atmosphere. Gases released from the eruption convert sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid, which condenses in the stratosphere. This greenhouse gas traps heat in the atmosphere. Volcanoes produce sulfate aerosols, which affect the surface temperature of the earth. A volcanic eruption promotes chemical reactions that alter chlorine and nitrogen which destroys the ozone layer. Moreover, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are released by volcanic activity and dissolved in water droplets in steam clouds.

Current Situation in Diversity Management in the Workplace Essay

Current Situation in Diversity Management in the Workplace - Essay Example Thus, diversity in management is essential in the current state of economic affairs. Diversity in workplace helps the organizations to attract businesses, corporations and government talents from almost all the directions. It also helps the companies to tap emerging new markets and enjoy the fruits of efficient government policies (Cook, 24). Managing diversity in the firms involves observing legal and policy requirements in a very simple manner. In the current epoch diversity in workplaces helps companies to promote community and comfort with differences (Williams 17). Finally diversity in the workplaces helps firms to achieve successful growth in the long run. Workplace diversity provides immense benefits to an organization. The business firms can expand their thoughts outside-the-box and enjoy efficient teamwork with diversity in managements. A cordial atmosphere of mutual understanding and respect is enjoyed by the workers in an organization that diversifies its workplace.  "A company’s performance is always linked to its ability to recruit the right people. People want to work for companies that demonstrate that diversity matters. There needs to be a sustained culture assault down the supply chain that business must encourage.† (Shakhray 6). ... In order to compete in the growing economy, it is important for the business organizations to select the brightest talent in their agencies. This is easily executed in the current era with diversification of management of the workplaces. More innovative and creative solutions are formulized nowadays by the business firms by diversifying in terms of experiences and skills. Significant improvement in both workplace productivity and work performance can be enjoyed by the firms in the current economy with the help of diversification of bureau. Briefly, diversity of work is the actual key that is responsible to foster the economic growth of the current period. Case Study: Workforce Diversity in U.S. U.S. is a highly developed country in the world both in terms of social and economical development. The rate of urbanization in the country is above 80%. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as GDP per Capita is improving significantly in U.S. with time. About 79.7% of the total population in U.S. is engaged in the service sector. The service sector of the country is highly diverse in terms of skill, race, gender etc. Approximately 155,163,000 was the labor force of U.S. in July 2012. This strength included the workers who were actively employed as well as those who were seeking employments. Figure 1: Workforce diversity in US (Source: American Progress, â€Å"The State of Diversity in Today’s Workforce†) The graph above enumerates the current workforce diversity in the U.S. market in 2011 in the employment sector. It is visualized from the above graph that 16.49% of the total workforce works in the state owned public sectors in U.S. 10.58% and 3.8% are the proportions of the people working in

Cross Cultural Management Case Study 1500words exc Essay

Cross Cultural Management Case Study 1500words exc. ReferencingBibliography - Essay Example The decision to enter markets outside the home country depends on a company's resources, managerial mindset and the nature of opportunity and threat. Mattel's best-known brand Barbie and its enviable global position has resulted in part from the company's willingness and ability to back its flag ship product with a strong local marketing effort. Mattel has positioned its brand 'Barbie' as a global brand, independent of any country of origin link. Barbie is a Barbie wherever it is made. Mattel has adopted a geocentric orientation i. e., it is adopting a worldview that sees similarity and differences in markets and countries and seeks to create a global strategy that is fully responsive to local needs and wants. Mattel's global marketing strategies for Barbie converges to market needs and wants, technologies advancements and socio-culture integration. A global marketing strategy is built on an information system that scans the world business environment to identify opportunities, trend s, threats and resources. A truly global company leverages its skills and focuses its resource to create superior perceived value for customers and achieve competitive advantage. Mattel has adopted the above strategies to become successful in global market. 2. As Theodore Levitt (1983) in his article" the globalization of markets" in the Harvard Business review argued that around the globe using standardized high quality world products and market then around the global using standardized advertising, pricing and distribution. But most of the organization found it, just a bunk. However success is not solely based on a standardization of marketing elements. To be successful in different market could be achieved only by spending a great deal of time and money to become an insider. That is, the company built a complete local infrastructure with its sales force. Now exactly the same path Mattel has adopted to become successful in Japanese market. Initially Mettle's Barbie has failed is John W. Amerman former CEO of Mattel state 'they did not know what that product was, and it didn't work" (Golab, 1994). Even availing the services of the consultant and modification of product looks do not have sufficient effect. Even the second partnership wi th Bandai didn't worked property. Finally in 1991, Mattel's own sales and marketing staff and office plays the trick and after spending more time and money, in 1994, Mattel has achieved some success and made profit in Japan with sales almost doubling since reintroduction (Golab, 1994). Mattel introduced its own American Barbie with long hair " Star princess Barbie" which becomes one of the top selling dolls in Japan (Thornton, 1994). Apart from time and marketing infrastructure development Mattel has conducted a consumer research in the Japanese market to understand the actual likings of the target customers. To survive in this new globally competitive world we had to modernize. Information technology is the glue for everything we do. For global marketer, information is one of the most essential requirements for decision-making (Reid, 1995; Green and Eric, 1975; Mullen, 1995). So market

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Law Enforcement scenario - Assignment Example The door has been secured well because the thieves were unable to break the door but they entered the building by breaking the windows of the doors. This is the main place where the problem is. Secondly, despite the fact that the door locks have been secured, the overall security of the building is not assured because audiovisual equipment lost in the TV room in addition to the keyboard and mouse that disappeared from the library. These equipments were stolen but not through breaking in. The first issue is that the audiovisual equipment, the keyboard, and the mouse went missing without breakages into the building. Secondly, thieves stole several computers from the computer lab by breaking in through the door windows on the exterior stairwell. The course of action for putting lighting in the rear doors did not meet the criteria regarding cost and was eliminated from consideration. The remaining courses of action were put on the evaluation criteria of cost and maintenance that meet the safety

Johnny Depp as Edward Scissorhands Essay Example for Free

Johnny Depp as Edward Scissorhands Essay Johnny Depp, also known as Edward Scissorhands is the main focus of this movie. Edward being an invention â€Å"monster† as some might say, but he also has a kind heart for others. After the inventor â€Å"Father† of Edward died he stayed inclosed in the house, leaving him unfinished him having scissors for hands, he had become socially disconnected. Looking into Edwards eyes you can tell he’s lost soul being in trapped in a unwanted body. Deserted in this House he calls home all alone until one day, Peg, a woman who sells avon, barges in and takes him with her. Edward gentle but frightened doesnt know what the world had in store for him. Being alone for as long as Edward was he desired the attention Peg gave him. i honestly think Tim Burtons main focus of this film was to show that you cant judge a book by its cover, by showing off Edwards unique qualities showing his fascinating personality loving heart towards others. While easily amazing the neighbors with his shrub trimming and hair cutting skills. Edward falls drastically in love with Peg’s daughter Kim, but, KIm is dating the Jim who is just very hateful to Edward. Jim always pointed out that he could never hold hands with Kim without hurting her, also Edward being so socially disconnected from society.

Causes and Effects of Absenteeism in Local Government (UK)

Causes and Effects of Absenteeism in Local Government (UK) 1.0- ABSTRACT Absenteeism can happen through authorised and unauthorised absence and these can be grouped into: situational, personal and attendance factors. Causes: headaches, hang-over cold flu, unchallenging jobs and poor management are common causes of absenteeism and managers generally suspicious of employees reasons for absenteeism. Effects: Unplanned absence is disorganising, frustrating and expensive for organisations. UK absenteeism rate in European is similar to Denmark, (see p11-12). Absenteeism is positively correlated with employee motivation and satisfaction. Combating absenteeism: absence can be minimised by providing challenging jobs, rewarding attendance and maintaining a zero tolerance to absence. Return-to-work interviews are empirically proven method of reducing absenteeism in local government. Adding, studying industries with lower absence rate may prove a useful tool for minimising absenteeism in local government. This report acknowledges that limitations such as privacy and Human Rights laws protects workers privacy from being invaded by organisations, HR managers ought to know there limitations. 2.0- INTRODUCTION Absenteeism is the avoidance of or failure to attend ones place of work hence unable to perform a contractual working obligation owing to absence. In other words, absenteeism is unplanned or planned absence created by an employee intentionally such as deliberately avoiding work through non-attendance for personal reasons or unintentionally like maternity leave, bereavement and ill-health. This research essay shall be confining the report to intentional or self created absenteeism which can be disruptive, expensive and difficult to manage, (Armstrong, 2006). Undoubtedly, this form of absenteeism is the worst nightmare of all managers because of having to deal with the same workload with limited workforces. According to Benington, (2000) site in (McHugh, 2001) the UK local government has become a ‘‘last chance saloon meaning failure to ‘put-up will require government takeover or privatisation. Furthermore, CBI, (2004) cited in Taylor (2005), acknowledged that absenteeism costs the UK government  £12 billion pounds yearly. Presenteeism is the opposite of absenteeism and it means ‘110% attendance with the view to impressing ones boss. The most regular mentioned ‘causes of absenteeism reported by employees especially in local government are: headaches, cold, flu, stress, back pain, food poisoning and family issues. It must be stated that other causes such as repetitive jobs, poor management, leadership, and organisational climate are factors. 3.0- LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1- CAUSES OF ABSENTEEISM Public sector absenteeism has attracted much research especially in the local government probably because of better monitoring systems such as extensive documentation than the private sector. Noteworthy is the fact that there are no universally agreed causes of absenteeism however; there are some regular cited ones are claimed to contribute to absenteeism. According to Taylor, (2005), a research company called My Voice asserted that 56% of employees admitted to taking a ‘sickie. That is calming absence from work under false pretence. Interestingly, the real reasons stipulated by the survey for the absence includes: hung-over, stress and hatred for the job itself. Consequently, managers are generally suspicious of employees claiming absence on sick grounds based on the above survey. It is an undeniable fact that such findings breeds mistrust between managers and their employees. Obviously, one can understand why managers might be frustrated by employees absence because it brings disorder to management plans and the execution of scheduled activities. Gennard, Judge, (2005) are of the view that death, paternity leave, inability to return from planned holidays and ‘ alleged sickness are the main causes of absenteeism. It is abundantly clear that bereavement does cause absenteeism but on limited scale however, this report is less concern with that form of absenteeism because it is natural rather than intentional. Paternity leave being a cause of absence might sound baffling however, this report maintains that paternity leave even though a planned absenteeism, might potential cause some form authorised absence for reasons like a sudden developments- such as mother falling sick, babys health, family and family visits and gatherings. This report maintains that the possibility of this form of absenteeism being abused is not unlikely. Adding, planned holidays might degenerate into unplanned absence due to certain unforeseen circumstances. This is likely to affect those who take holidays abroad. This form of unplanned absence might be caused by flight delays and cancellations due to political issues like wars and protest as happened in Thailand, natural disasters such as disease outbreak, for example the pandemic ‘‘H1N1 Swine Flu which first broke out in Mexico and for that matter the quarantine of infected victims had to be done, earthquakes as happened in Indonesia. According to Armstrong, (2006), the causes of absenteeism could be broadly attributed to three (3) factors namely: ‘Situational factors, Personal factors and Attendance factors: ‘Situational factors include the nature of the job itself; is it repetitive and boring or interesting and challenging enough? Obviously, a repetitive job may generate stress and job resentment. The sort of leadership and organisational climate employees operate under may generate absenteeism. While agreeing to some extend that these situational factors might generate absenteeism, it is worth acknowledging that some people hate change and will always struggle to maintain the status quo. These people may rather prefer doing a repetitive job than a challenging one. ‘Personal factors are: the worth of an employee, his or her personality, age and sex may contribute to an employee absence. This research report concedes to the fact that these stated factors are influencer of absenteeism in local government based on a valid research: Barmby et al, ‘survey (1999) cited in Taylor (2005), p316 recorded that men were unlikely to be absent from work than their female counterparts and even more profound was the fact that England has lower absenteeism than any were else in the UK. Quite obviously, the wage disparity across the UK has a lot to with it hence the lowest rate (absenteeism) in England than anywhere else in the UK. Lastly, attendance factors include; the sort of incentives allocated to rewarding good employee behaviour like regular attendance as well as sickness policies. It is an undeniable fact that most people respond positively to incentives and rewards both in kind and in cash. According to Jacqueline A.-M et al, (2003), the ‘psychological contract plays a significant role in contributing negatively or positively to employee performance and attitudes in the local government. Absenteeism is gradually gaining the publicity it deserves in the local government according to CBI, (1999); Local Government Auditor, 1999) cited in (McHugh, 2001). This report is of the view that organisations either private or the local government can no longer afford to remain in a vacuum but rather to face up to the challenges like the unpredictability of the marketing environment. This means all local governments and organisations are compelled to make the necessary savings they can get from all areas in order to survive in this aggressive but compelling marketing environment called ‘the survival of the fittest. In fact, there has never been a century that has imposed and forced change on all manner of organisations like the 21st century. The present business environment is one that constantly says keep changing or you will be made obsolete. Furthermore, Johansson, Palme, (2002) proposed that a positive attitude to ‘a short- term sickness and taxes encourages absenteeism. In other words, encouraging ‘nanny culture such as paying for sick leave encourages local government workers to take off sick for private reasons other than genuine sickness. In short, such policies however well intentioned may rather be taken for granted and instead abused. IDS, (2001b, pp2-3) cited in (Taylor 2005), p329 proposed that the public sector workers records higher absenteeism than the private sector because, there are less punitive measures taken against public servants than their private sector counterparts. This research lends support to some extend to the argument however, contrary to the point; local government organisations do take longer time to act due to bureaucracies but does not necessarily mean that punitive measures are not exercised in the public sector as claimed. Adding, this report supports the view that absenteeism is more prevalent in the private than the public sector. This is due to the fact that public employees receive better treatment and are valued fairly than their private sector counterparts (the psychological contract), (Jacqueline A.-M et al, 2003). This report observes that certain councils are renowned for recording high rate of absenteeism for instance, Northern Ireland councils than those in England, (McHugh, 2002). In summary, there are disparities between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland as regards to absenteeism. And in Europe as a whole, the UK is not doing badly according UK government statistics. Also, it is an undeniable fact that poor record keeping encourages absenteeism. If organisations and for that matter local government organisations like the NHS, keeps up-to-date records of all employee absence, it would discourage absenteeism because most people hate being monitored. Proper documentation and monitoring of employee absence is likely to generate the needed attention absenteeism deserves leading to a collective action against the perpetrators of absenteeism. Conversely, it is not an exaggeration that the costs of keeping up-to-date information on employee attendance are expensive and complicated because of the technology involved such as biometric data collecting systems like the ‘Swipe in Swipe out, ‘phone book-ins and finger and hand scanning are expensive systems which are not without disadvantages. For instance, an employee may give his or her card to a colleague to wipe them in discretely and on the other hand, an employee may genuinely forget to swipe in and out. 3.2- EFFECTS OF ABSENTEEISM The effects of absenteeism are difficult to quantify though various researches have attempted valuing it. Absenteeism costs the UK government  £12 billion pounds yearly, (Taylor 2005). That figure can be a full year budget for most developing countries especially in Africa and Asia. Adding to the above, Davis, Geddes, (2000); Blair, (1998) cited in (McHugh, 2001), p43 was reported to have issued a warning to local councils to stop wasting local government funds by providing ‘value for money services by combating preventable issues like absenteeism. Quite earnestly, absenteeism is an avoidable cost which if managed properly has benefits for all organisations both public and private firms. The US economic is on record for losing $40 billion dollars a year on absenteeism, (Dalton, Mesch, 1991; Unckless et al 1998) mentioned in (Gaudine, Saks, 2001).That money is enough to provide employment for hundreds of people especially under this current economic turbulence. Another disadvantage of employee absence, despite it being costly for the local government is that it also disrupts management plans and decisions according to Armstrong, (2006). Managers are usually provided with a specification tasks with limited time-frame within which to report back to their superiors for assessment. Consequently, an unplanned absence may significantly affect managers flexibility, time and the speed at which the work and for that reason, may cause irritation for management as a whole. Lastly, an employees sudden absence may stir up negative feelings among his fellow work- colleagues. It is a convincing fact that more often, managers are unable to fill in or organise a quick replacement for an absent employee but rather, overburden their subordinates with the same magnitude of workload. Nevertheless, they (managers) still expect their workforce to deliver the same level of performance without considering the manpower shortage. Consequently, this leads to the development of hatred and resentment among work colleagues which is not healthy for the organisation and for that matter the local government because, synergy may be lost in the process (working against one another rather than as a team or 2+2=5). Is absenteeism a function of employee motivation or dissatisfaction breeds absenteeism? This research report argues that a good psychological employment contracts is a recipe for a better employee attitude as in the case of local government employment than the private sector (Jacqueline A.-M et al, 2003). Obviously most government jobs are fairly stable and permanent hence the issue of job security is guaranteed as opposed to the private sector. Moreover, Martocchio, (1994); Johns, Nicholson, (1992) cited in McHugh (2001, p44), claimed that an employees commitment and dedication are a function of his or her motivation in the organisation. This report shall concede to this fact because people generally response positively or otherwise to incentives and rewards depending on their situation (perception). Ehrenberg et al, (1991) claims that students absenteeism impact on their academic performance especially during examinations. Now, if this assertion is true then, one can justifiably maintain that employee absence affects their work in terms of quality, speed and concentration. CIPD, (2006), cited in (Torrington et al, 2008), p339 found that absenteeism was high in food and drink sector, and in local government; however, NGOs, Media and the leisure sector had lower absence rate. Arguably, it is not surprising that voluntary and leisure organisations had better attendance because they are satisfying jobs with high commitment and goal congruence. According to the CBI, (AXA, 2005) and (CIPD, 2005) mentioned in (Torrington et al, 2008), UK absence is similar to Denmarks but lower than Norway, Sweden and Finland. This statistics were rather surprising to because, these three countries above beaten by the UK are usually among the top 10 countries for quality living hence they should have beaten the UK. 3.3- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSENTEEISM AND MOTIVATION? Kass, et al, (2001) empirically concluded that unchallenging and uninteresting jobs profoundly determine the performance (poor) of an employee, their longevity in the organisation and even more importantly the frequency of absenteeism he or she exhibits. This reported utterly concedes to the above fact that boredom breeds laziness and the attitude of it because people who are boredom prone such as activists and kinaesthetic learners (hyperactive) performance may be hampered by unchallenging tasks and subsequently but inevitably lead to worker absenteeism. Interestingly, Wyatt, (1929) cited in (Kass, et al 2001, p318), concurred that performance, motivation and employee attitude to work are correlated (positively). This means that an employees performance is a function of the level of motivation he or she enjoys from the job. In other words, an unmotivated employee will obviously demonstrated a lackadaisical attitude to his or her job and for that matter the company. Furthermore, in Maslows theory, ‘man is an insatiably need driven animal who is always seeking for the fulfilment his or her present need but in a successive order of prominence, (Croft, Norton, 2005). Ultimately, Maslows needs theory shares light on employees behaviour in the sense that, it categorically emphasises studying and listening to the workforces in order to avoid being ‘out of touch and concluding that what motivates Mr. A will motivate Mr. B, as it were and even more importantly the theory advises a full analogy of an employee before concluding on sort of incentives that will induce a desired behaviour. The Hawthorne study supports that recognition of a workgroup motivates performance and arguably the Hawthorn enquiries are in line with Abraham Maslows needs theory. Another useful theory for analysing the relationship between motivation and performance is Herzberg et al (1957) two factor theory: Motivators- responsibility, recognition and achievement and Hygiene factors-wages or salaries, job security and supervision, cite in (Armstrong, 2006). The absence of hygiene factors results in worker dissatisfaction claims Herzberg. In other words, hygiene factors do not creates satisfaction by themselves but rather, their absences leaves employees dissatisfied according to Herzbergs theory. Now if Herzbergs theory is anything good to go by, an employees absence (regular) should trigger an investigation and a subsequent identification of the causes. For instance, employee absenteeism can be due to lack of job satisfaction because of repetitive and boring jobs, due to lack of recognition for the employees achievement also, poor leadership in the form of supervision may equally cause dissatisfaction. Herzbergs two factor theory failed to anticipated the change in the psychological employment contract which has shifted power away from the employer to employees consequently, Herzbergs assertion that money is not a motivator is debatable (untrue) today and for that matter, it leaves the famous two factor theory for criticism. Adding, it is an undeniable fact that money is a real motivator taking into account the actual causes of this current financial turmoil or the current recession across the world. It is emphatically clear that this recession was engineered by greedy people whose sole motivation was nothing rather than big bonuses, pay packages or simply put, money to be precise. If these outrageous financial institutions heads, bankers and money lenders were not motivated by money then what else brought this financial ‘meltdown to this world? Furthermore, Vroom et al (1960s) cited in (Croft, Norton, (2005), p16, states that persons motivations defines the measure of input he or she will expands. This means that the package (employment contract), the job itself and the organisational climate all have a definite role in contributing to the performance of an employee in a company. This report utterly agrees with this view because workers generally expect interesting and challenging jobs, good leadership, a fair pay for their work done and of course recognitions for their efforts. Consequently, the infulfilment of these expectations inevitably results in all sorts of attitudes and behaviours such as absenteeism. Porter and lawler, model (1968) mention in (Armstrong, 2006) is arguably complementary to Vrooms thought because it advocates that two instruments were central to the contribution of workers in an organisation: value of reward and the relationship between their efforts and the outcome taking into account the individual capability and expectations, (Armstrong 2006). In other words, when rewards are carefully crafted strategically taking into consideration the abilities and expertise of the individual then good performance is an inevitable outcome because there will be goal congruence between organisation and the individual which leads to superior organisational performance known as competitive advantage. Sometimes this sort of strategic fit between organisations and employees does make a company an ‘employer of a choice- a company which most people would love to work for due to several factors like good employee treatment, fairness and the organisational climate (good) for instance, British Airways, Microsoft Corporation, NASA (space centre) and the BBC. 4.0- COMBATING ABSENTEEISM. According to Taylor (2005), punitive solutions, using rewards and tackling the root causes of absenteeism is the answer to minimising absenteeism. Obviously, the use of the ‘carrot and stick method is being advocated and finding out the real triggers of absenteeism as well. However, this requires proper documentation and monitoring of employees attendance which can be expensive. Most research supports the view that using punitive styles like basing promotion and rewards decisions on employee attitudes (attendance) reduces absenteeism. This strategy creates and communicates a clear message to employees that their future especially in that organisation is a function of their contribution and commitment which convincing. Gennard, Judge (2005) also agreed that ‘return-to-work interviews are the most effective means of reducing absenteeism because it assertively notifies the worker that such attitudes would be punished if necessary. This strategy integrates investigation of the case with documentation as well as communicating to the perpetrators that they are being monitored which I think, must be applauded. According to Armstrong, (2006), absenteeism can be eradicated through management commitment, trust, and return to work interviews. Management commitment is about harnessing management support and commitment to abrogating absenteeism while nurturing and development trust through transparent policies, regular dialogue and communication between management and their subordinates. In resounding, local government absenteeism can be reduced by tackling stress by way providing training and development to management and leadership with the aim of inculcating and developing good leadership and people skills into leaders. Furthermore, boredom can be prevented from inducing absenteeism by making jobs interesting and challenging like providing job enrichment, job enlargement and the empowerment of workers. Rewarding attendance (100%) has been empirically proven to reduce absenteeism from 10-8 days, (Silcox, 2005d) cited in (Torrington et al, 2008). Finally, even though this report labours to avoid the ‘stick method of reducing absenteeism, it is conceding to note that return-to-word interviews are empirical proven beyond reasonable doubt that they are profoundly effective in reducing employee absence in both the public and private section organisations. 5.0- CONCLUSIONS Absenteeism is problem faced by all organisations and the causes include: hang-over, headaches, boring jobs and poor management however, management believes that most ‘alleged causes are non-genuine which costs organisations money. Some writers claimed that absenteeism is more prevalent in the public sector than the private sector. This report disagrees with that argument because, undeniably, absenteeism is positively related to motivation consequently, since the public sector gets be employment contract than their private sector counterparts, absence must be less prevalent than private organisations. Punitive measures such as return-to-work interviews are particularly effective in reducing worker absenteeism. Conclusively, this report maintains that absenteeism cannot be eradicated but rather minimised because providing a challenging jobs, rewarding attendance and good leadership cannot change personal habits cultivated over decades. Adding though return-to-work-interviews is an effective means of reducing absenteeism; the process cannot intrusively used due to privacy concerns. For instance, (IRS, 2002a) cited in (Torrington et al, 2008), p 349 emphasised that the Human Right Act, 1998 awareness is important. The report recommends a specific study into low absenteeism sectors: non-profit organisations, voluntary sectors, Media and recreational sector to ascertain the real causes of employee absenteeism. REFERENCES 1. Michael Armstrong, A Hand Book of Human Resource Management Practice, 2006, 10th Edition Kogan Page, London, UK. 2. Ronald G. Ehrenberg, Randy A. Ehrenberg, Daniel I. Rees and Eric L. Ehrenberg; School Leave Policies, Teacher Absenteeism and Students Achievement, 1991, journal of Human Resources, vol. 26. no. 1 pp 72-105 University of Wisconsin ,Press, URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/145717 3. Alice P.Gaudine1 and Alan M. Saks2, Effects of Absenteeism Feedback Intervention on Employee Absence Behaviour 2001; 1.School of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada, 2. School of Administrative Studies, York University, Ontario, Canada, journal of organisation Behaviour, vol.22. No.1 Pp15-29. Feb., URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3649604 4. John Gennard and Graham Judge, Employee Relations, 2005, 4th edition CIPD, London. UK. 5. Jacqueline A.-M, Coyle-Shapiro and Ian Kessler, the Employment Relations in the UK Public Sector: A Psychological Contract Perspective, a journal of Public Administration Research and Theory; j-part, Vol. 13, no. 2. April 2003, pp213-230, Oxford University Press on behalf of the Public Management Research Association. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3525711. 6. Per Johansson, Martin Palme, Assessing the Effect of Public Policy on Worker Absenteeism, 2002, The Journal of Human Resource, vol. 37, no. 2, pp 381-409, University of Wisconsin Press, URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 3069652. 7. Marie McHugh: Employee absence: an impediment to organisation health in local government,2002 School of Management, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, International journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 14, no. 1, pp 43-58, MCB University Press, 0951-3558, URL:www.emerald-library.com/ft 8. Marie McHugh: Employee absence: an impediment to organisation health in local government,2001, School of Management, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, International journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 14, no. 1, pp 43-58, MCB University Press, 0951-3558, URL:www.emerald-library.com/ft 9. Stephen Taylor, People Resourcing, 2005, 3rd edition, CIPD, London, UK. 10. Derek Torrington, Laura Hall and Stephen Taylor: Human Resource Management, 7th Edition, 2008, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, FT, England and Spain.